This section provides context and methodology details for the data presented:
- **Data Scope:** This list focuses exclusively on male athletes who are on record as having participated in women's sport.
- **Athlete Verification:** Athletes on this list have been verified as male through the use of public records such as past results in the men's category, change of gender documents, a noticable name change from school and/or employment records, 'pretransition' photos in which the subject is visibly male and is referred to as such, public declarations by the athlete themselves or a family member, and/or public news stories. Often, a combination of the aformentioned evidence is used to make a determination that the athlete is not female. Male athletes with DSDs are determined as male if they have previously failed any sort of sex/'gender' testing. N=3 athletes have been added due to widespread public scrutiny of the individual (including in news reports) without public objection from the athlete. HeCheated will continue to monitor these athletes.
- **Athlete Identification:** "DSD" refers to male athletes with a disorder of sexual development. These athletes are male but may have been mistaken for female at birth due to underdeveloped male genitalia. "Trans-identified" refers to male athletes who have had healthy male development but deny that they are men and boys and claim to be something else, typically "women" or "nonbinary". "Other" refers to males who do not belong in either of the former categories but participate on female teams due to rule exceptions.
- "Male" refers to a human individual born with a functioning SRY gene and who has developed along a pathway towards the production of the small gamete rather than the large (individuals with testes rather than ovaries.)
- Athletes found on this list may not yet be found in the results pages due to inability to find public results or if they have not been researched yet. Please contact the site if you know of any competitions they have particiapted in that are not yet listed.
- Given names will only be displayed in the event that they are common knowledge or the male athlete has competed under that name previously. Given names and names of roller derby athletes available upon request.
- Please contact the site if you would like specific evidence for verification of any athlete.
Abbreviations:
- HS - High School
- MS - Middle School
- DSD - Athlete has a disorder of sexual development
- Trans - Athlete identifies as "transgender"